Week 29 Prayer Requests

1.  Colson - eye tumor that was removed but having an issue with tissue rejection
2.  Colin - Blake's nephew, has a crushed arch from an accident about 4 months ago, medical bills are piling up.
3.  Trish - No further news which is a good thing
4.  Cade - Were able to remove one medication, steroids seem to help, may point to an autoimmune condition rather than viral encephalitis.  which could lead to better treatment.
5.  Cindy - Kristen's coworker, who lost her husband and is now taking care of her husband's
elderly relatives.

Week 29: The Seed, The King, and the Promises of Abraham

Introduction

-  We are looking at the Bible and specifically the Torah as a story.

-  After the events of Genesis and the fall, God institutes a plan to redeem His creation.

-  That plan is a mystery that gradually unfolds throughout the Old Testament and is fully revealed in the gospels.

-  This plan is like a puzzle whose pieces the Old Testament gradually puts together.  Working in one area and then another and then joining those areas together.

-  The original seed of this plan takes place right after the fall and amidst the judgment issues on Adam and Eve.   God promises that a seed of the woman will defeat the seed of the serpent.  

- The rest of the book of Genesis follows this line of thought.  The word seed occurs 59 times in Genesis.  The book of Genesis is divided into 10 sections that begin with the phrase “these are the generations of” and are followed by a genealogy.

- We have followed the promise of the seed and have seen how it developed through the line of Seth, through the sons of Noah specifically Shem, and how it culminated in the calling of Abram.  

-  Today we are going to see how the concept of a coming king joins with this idea of the seed who will defeat the serpent.

Kingship in the Garden

-  Adam was originally to rule Eden as a vassal king of God.  As the image of God He was given power to subdue and rule over creation as well as the responsibility of tending and guarding it.

-  As a vassal king Adam failed, but God was determined that His glory would fill the earth and He has decided that humanity would be the instrument who would accomplish that task.

-  The promise of the seed is the means by which God would accomplish His plan for creation.

Kingship in Abraham

-  At several points God promise to Abraham includes mention of kingly rule:

1.  Genesis 17:6

2.  Genesis 17:16

3.  Genesis 22:17

Q.  Which tribe to the kings of Israel come from?

 Other than Joseph, we learn the most about Judah in Genesis.

- Judah is the one who does not want to kill Joseph but he wants to sell him for money.

- The story of Judah and Tamar oddly interrupts the story of Joseph.  It seems out of place, but when we understand that Genesis is about the seed it makes sense that it is included because his line is in danger of dying out.  It is Tamar who saves Judah’s line.  

-  Judah also takes Benjamin’s place rather than allow Benjamin to be taken prisoner.

Genesis 49

-  Chapter 49 begins with the phrase “b’aherit hayamim”  or in the end of days or in the latter days.  This phrase is repeated throughout the Old Testament and seems to indicate the last days or the end times.  

-  Judah is singled out for a special blessing in 49:8-12

-  This is unusual because Judah is not the oldest but the fourth in line.  His older brothers have all demonstrated traits that show they are not worthy of the blessing.

1.  Reuben - Reuben slept with one of his father’s concubines.  In the ANE this 

  is an attempt to take power.  Its the same thing Absalom does to his father 

David when he leads a coup.  

2.  Simeon & Levi - After their sister Dinah is raped by the Hivite prince Shechem.  Simeon & Levi offer Dinah as a wife to Shechem if all the male Hivites will become circumcised.  Three days later, when the Hivites were all sore, Simeon and Levi massacre all the males in the village and steal all their stuff.

-  Contrast this to Judah who offers himself in the place of Benjamin because of his love of his father.  

-  Power in violence is not how the people of God will exercise rule.  That is the way of the kingdoms of this world.  That is the world of Cain and Lamech, of Pharaoh, the Assyrian and the Babylonians of Pilate and the Romans. God’s people will rule by sacrifice and love.

Mark 10:35-45

Q.  Why do I bring this passage into the discussion?

-  Notice how Jesus challenges James and John for their request.  They want to rule as earthly rulers.  Jesus says that He rules by the cross.  Jesus’ people are different they do not rule as the gentile lords by power.  They rule by being a servant.  Just like Judah but in a much greater way, Jesus gives his life as a ransom for many.

-  Jesus critiques the earthly city’s concept of kingship and replaces it with a heavenly one.

Genesis 49:8-12

-  Judah is promised kingship in verse 8 - his brothers will bow down to him.

 The scepter and the rulers staff, signs of kingship will not depart from him.  

The word Shiloh is notoriously difficult to translate.  It is the object of the verb “come”

The ESV translates it as tribute.  

 In verse 10 this kingly rule of Israel will culminate in a king to whom this rule belongs and this king will rule all peoples, not just Israel.  

The universality of the rule points us back to Genesis 1:28.  Adam’s original commission was that Adam would fill all of the earth and subdue it.  

Adam’s original goal is to be fulfilled by this king who will come from the tribe of Judah.  

-  His kingdom will be one of abundance and prosperity.  Grapevines will be so abundant you can tie your donkey to them and wine so plentiful that you can wash your clothes with it.  

Numbers 24

-  The Israelites are camped near the country of Moab.  The king of Moab, Balak is scared that the Israelites are going to conquer him and his people so he hires a pagan prophet named Balaam to curse Israel.

-  Balak commands Balaam to “curse these people for me, since they are too mighty for me.  Perhaps I shall be able to defeat them and drive them from the land, for I know that he whom you bless is blessed and he whom you curse is cursed.”

Q.  Where have you heard this language before?

-  God promised Abraham in Genesis 12:3 that he would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him.

-  Balaam is trying to do the opposite.

-  Balaam is thwarted by an angel and commanded to go back to Balak with a word from YHWH

Numbers 23:7-10

Q.  Where have you heard these words before?

-  Once again in the promises given to Abraham.  This time it is a quote from Genesis 13:16.  God promised Abraham that he would make them more numerous than the dust of the earth.  

Numbers 23:24

Q.  Where have you heard these words before?

-  This is taken from Genesis 49.  This is a prophecy of Israel and its king’s dominance in the last days.  Balaam is bringing together the prophecies of Genesis 12 with Genesis 49.  The take home message is that the promises of Abraham in Genesis 12-22 will come about as a result of the king from the line of Judah prophesied by Jacob in Genesis 49.  This would also cause the reader the recall the promises of kingship in Genesis 17 & 22.  

Numbers 24:14-17

Q.  Where you have heard these words before?

-  The passage starts with the phrase “b’aherit hayamim” or the latter days.  This phrase further links these texts and tells us that we are talking about the end times.  

-  Verse 17 uses the scepter to return to the passage from Genesis 49 that talks of Judah.

-  There is also an allusion to Genesis 3:15, the king crushes the head of Moab.  Here Moab, as Israel’s enemy cursing Israel and preventing Israel’s passage into the promised land acts as the seed of the serpent.  

-  All the promises of Genesis are woven together by Balaam in his prophecy.  The blessing promised to Abraham are linked to the king from Judah mentioned in Genesis 49.  This king and his scepter are developed to link with the promise of Genesis 3:15.  

-  The major blocks of text in the Old Testament are linked by a poem that begins with “b'aherit yammim”.  In each the central figure calls an audience together using imperatives and advises them using cohortatives of what will happen in the last days.  

Each of these is followed by an epilogue.  

Q.  If b’aherit means in the latter or in the end, what is the opposite?

 In the beginning or b’reshit.  The pentateuch is deliberately instructing us not only about the beginning of God’s plan, but the end.  

  This plan begins with Adam given a commission to rule and subdue the earth.  Our story has seen Noah given the commission and failing.  Abraham has been given the commission as a promise Israel is given the commission as well but also we have seen a history of failure.  Eventually this will change as Abraham’s promise rests in the king of Judah who will not fail.  Thus the commission of Adam is fulfilled by the king of the tribes of Judah.  This will happen in the last days.  All the different threads of Genesis are being woven together.

 Paul understands Jesus as the fulfillment.  Romans 1:4-5

John also see Jesus as the fulfillment.  Revelation 5:5

Week 28 Prayer Requests

1.  Tamzen's grandmother is recovering from a stroke and may need toes and/or foot amputated.

2.  Jacob Owens is dealing with a lot of middle school stuff.

3.  Samantha from KNO is back in school.

4.  Kristine (friend of the Howell's) broke her back sledding.  She has a two year-old child.

Week 28 The Food Laws

Introduction

-  I am approaching this topic with a fair amount of trepidation.  Why does God institute these food laws when we no longer follow them anymore.  Why were these laws so important at one time, but not now?  Typically the issue is ignored.  When explanations are given I have found them unsatisfying.

-  The key is our approach at looking at the Bible as a story.  In a story, events change things and actions appropriate at certain points in the story become inappropriate or unnecessary as the story changes.  

Food Laws

-  Why were there clean and unclean foods?  What is the rationale?

1.  Hygeine

-  In a pre-scientific society like Israel, God could not exactly explain things like germ theory and parasites so certain animals that carried diseases were regarded as off limits to improve the health of the Israelites.  

-  For example, pigs carried trichinosis, so prohibiting the consumption of pork would prohibit the spread of trichinosis.

-  The Seventh Day Adventists follow this logic and have developed updated food laws to promote healthy eating among their members.  

-  There are several problems with this theory.  In the case of pork, trichinosis is rare and is easily remedied by cooking pork.  The Israelites were not dumb, they knew that had to properly cook meat.

-  Other animals also carry disease.  For example, almost all birds other than scavengers and birds of prey are allowed and the chance of salmonella in undercooked birds is pretty high.  Also it is much easier to undercook poultry than pork.

Some animals that are not allowed are relatively disease free, for example camel meat.

-  Also if it was about hygiene it would be more effective to order clean living conditions for the animal and clean butchering techniques.  Also simply ordering proper methods of cooking would make a big difference.

-  Jesus will abolish the food laws and Israel is still a pre-scientific society.

2.  Pagan Practices

-  Pork and other forbidden animals were used in pagan rituals and therefore should be avoided by the Israelites.

-  While we do have evidence that pigs were involved in pagan rituals we do not have any evidence for many of the animals forbidden by the food laws.

-  Also goats, sheep, and bulls were suitable for consumption and sacrifices and are commonly used in pagan religious ceremonies.

-  We have plenty of examples of fish gods in the ancient world but not crustacean or shellfish deities.

4.  Douglas/Wenham

-  Old Testament scholar Gordon Wenham has developed a theory of the food laws based on the anthropologist Mary Douglas work with tribal African cultures who also observe food taboos.  

-  Holiness is an attribute that God possessed.  Things that are not holy are things that are not like God. We learned in Genesis that God is a creator and bringer of life.  Things that deviate from life and creation are unholy.

-  Birds that eat carrion are specifically forbidden.  God is life and an animals that eat dead things does not exhibit the qualities of God.  

-  This is also the rationale for avoiding animal carcasses.  

-  God is also a God of order.  In creation, God separated the land from the water and the land from the sky.

-  The creation account in Genesis divided the world into three realms: the land, the water, and the air.  

-  We see the same division in Leviticus 11.  The chapter starts by distinguishing clean and unclean animals that live on land, then moves to those in the water, and finally the animals that fly in the air.

-  Let me try to explain the logic with the animals of the sea first because they are the easiest.

-  Fish are the typical animal found in the water.  They have fish and scales and swim.  This is what animals in the water are supposed to do.  The fish is the standard pure type of water animal.  

-  Animals in the water that transgress this pattern are considered unclean.  Lobsters crawl, which is what animals in the water are not supposed to do.  Shellfish do not have finds and scales.  They transgress the boundaries and God is a God of order.

-  Animals in the air are supposed to have wings and fly.  Birds, other than the ones who eat dead things, are acceptable.  Insects that have wings and crawl are not acceptable because they are not acting like they should.  Insects designed for walking, like those with joints are acceptable.

-  Land animals that have cloven hoofs and chew their cud are the ideal land animal.  Those that depart from that standard like those with cloven who do not chew the cud, like pigs, or those that chew the cud but do not have cloven hoofs are a departure - so no rock badgers.  

-  Land animals that walk on all fours should have hoofs.  This is how land animals should work.  Animals with paws are like hands.  They should not walk on all fours.  They are a deviation from the norm.

-  The chapter ends with those animals with indeterminate modes of movement because they do not fit in any category.  These animals are those that swarm or those that crawl like snakes and lizards.

Interpretation

-  All of these animals that are unclean bring disorder to the classifications.  They bring disorder to the taxonomy.  God is a God of life and order.  The very diet of the Israelites would communicate to the Israelites that God is life and order.

-  Looking at it from the other side, living outside the stands that God has set leads to disorder and death.  The prohibition against the animals that do not fit into the disordered taxonomies and animals that are associated with death reinforce that death and disorder are to be separated from God’s people.

-  The problem is that disorder and death are part of humanity and I think that is the point.  The food law were a mirror showing God does not tolerate disorder and death and yet accepts Israel.  The prohibition against bacon shows the need for grace.

-  Animals that are clean are still not holy.  Holy animals are those that are without blemish and acceptable for sacrifice.

Sacred Space/Sacred People

-  The division of the food laws parallels other divisions.  The gentiles were unclean, Israel was clean, priests were holy.

-  The world was unclean, Israel was clean, the temple was holy.

-  The food laws reinforced to Israel that they were distinct and holy.  Israel set themselves apart from the nations by their diet because God had set them apart as a special people. 

-  You may find the food law arbitrary.  God also says the selection of Israel was arbitrary (Deuteronomy 7:7-9).

Abolition of Food Laws

-  So why do we not observe the food laws anymore.  Why is cool now to eat rock badgers or shrimp scampi?

-  First, Jesus declared the food law abolished.  Mark 7:19 is very clear.

-  We also have Peter’s vision before witnessing to the Roman centurion Cornelius.  Peter is given a vision of all kinds of animals, reptiles, birds and told to rise, kill, and eat.  When Peter protests because he does not eat unclean animals, the voice tells him, “What God has made clean, do not call common.”

-  So God changes His mind and God can do what He wants.  Do we leave it at that?  

-  This is where reading the Bible as a story helps us understand better what is going on.  Let me explain it in Star Wars.  Luke Skywalker thinks Princess Leia is hot and so it is appropriate to make out with her.  However, the story changes and he finds out Leia is Luke’s sister, now because the story has changed that action is inappropriate.  

-  As Abraham’s descendants, the Israelites were chosen to be God’s special representatives on Earth.  They were a holy people, set aside and the food laws were a a way to make this point to Israel.

-  Israel was holy and kingdom of Priests but this was not the end goal.  They were set aside specifically so they could be priests to the nations.  Abraham was told that all nations would be blessed in him.

-  The prophets looked forward to the time when all the nations would be included as God’s people and the separation between Israel and the gentiles would end.

“It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to bring back the preserved of Israel; I will make you as a light for the nations that my salvation may reach the end of the earth.”

Isaiah 49:6

-  Israel failed at their task, but Jesus as Israel’s representative succeeded.  Now that Israel’s task is complete, there is no need for Israel’s separation.  Israel’s purpose in election has stood.

-  The story has moved on because of Jesus and the food laws no longer make sense and are inappropriate because the story has changed.

Week 27 Homework

This Sunday our topic will be bacon.  We will be looking at the Levitical food laws and attempting to answer three questions:

1.  What is the reason for the food laws?

2.  Why were goats and cows OK to eat but not shrimp and pork?

3.  Why is it cool to eat bacon now? Why the change?   

Your homework is to read Leviticus 11.  It is pretty long and not particularly interesting, so reading the first 23 verses will probably give you enough of the flavor of the passage if you can't make it through the whole chapter.

Week 27 Levitical Sacrifices

Introduction

• The key to understand Leviticus is to read it in context.  The division of the books is somewhat artificial.  They are part of a continuous narrative that we have imposed an order upon.

1. What just happened prior to the book of Leviticus?

• The Israelites had been freed from captivity in Egypt, they have received the law, and built a tabernacle.  Exodus closes with God Himself moving into the tabernacle.

“Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting and the glory of YHWH filled the tabernacle.  And Moses was not able to enter the tent of meeting because the cloud settled on it, and the glory of YHWH filled the tabernacle.”

Exodus 40:34-35

• So what we have said is God is now dwelling with His people.  This is the Immanuel principle - God is with us.
• However, God is holy and cannot dwell among sin.  So partly the point of Leviticus is to communicate to Israel the gravity of their sin and the separation sin brings.  The other point of Leviticus is to provide a means by which despite the fact of the people can approach God.
• Leviticus 1-7 describes the sacrifices.  Leviticus 11-15 talks about purity which will 

  be the topic of next week’s small group.

• Leviticus starts by describing the sacrifice that provides atonement for sin.

Sacrifice

• On of the first clear instance of sacrifice is Genesis 9:20 when Noah sacrifices some of the clean animals he had taken aboard the ark.
• This is not just an empty gesture, it was an act of faith since there would be very few animals left at this point.
• Genesis 6:5 tells the rational for the flood:

   “YHWH saw the wickedness of man was great and that every intention of the thoughts 

   of his heart was only evil continually.  And YHWH was sorry that he made man and it 

   grieved Him to His heart.”

• Genesis 8:21 describes God’s thoughts after the flood:

   “And when YHWH smelled the pleasing aroma, YHWH said in His heart, “I will never

   curse the ground because of man, for the intention of man’s heart is evil from birth”

• It seems the flood has accomplished nothing, nevertheless God decides to allow man

   to continue without the threat of continual punishment - what changed?

• God has decided to no longer deal with sin through judgment but to accept the 

    sacrifice of a righteous man given in faith.  It is this principle that allows God to 

    continue with man.

Offerings

1. Ascension Offering (Olah)

• Offered twice a day on behalf of all of Israel.  Accompanied by the grain

  offering and a drink offering.

• The whole animal was burned - this is the type of offering Noah offered and it was also the offering that was substituted for Isaac.
• It was sin in general not a specific sin.
• The animal must be a male bull, ram, or goat, but could also be a bird.  It was very costly but there was a sliding scale so even the poor could participate.
• The offerer pressed on the animals head with his hands.  In other places in the O.T. we are told that this act symbolizes transference.  The offerer is transferring his life to the animal.  This is the principle of substitution. 
• The offerer was the one who killed, skinned, and butchered the animal.
• It was the blood of the animal that was the key.  The blood represented life.  The life of the animal must be given in order for the Israelites to have relationship with God.  
• Drove home the seriousness of the separation brought about by sin.
• Represents consecration or complete devotion to God.  Something consecrated is something that moves from the realm of the everyday to the realm of the sacred. The name olah means to ascend.  The idea is the sacrifice is completely burned and the smoke ascends to God as a pleasing aroma.

1. Tribute Offering (Minchah)

• Grain was offered and the wheat or barley was to be ground fine.  In the ancient near east grain was not a commodity - it was valuable and was used for beer.  It took a lot of work to grind it fine.  This was the type of flour eaten by a king, not a commoner.
• Sometimes the word minchah is used to describe tribute presented to a king such a when Ehud brings tribute to King Eglon.
• The grain was mixed with oil and presented either cooked or uncooked in an oven or on a griddle like flat bread.  Leaven was never used nor honey.  This is probably because leaven decomposes the flour and honey speeds the process. 
• The amount was equivalent to about 1 bag of flour and 1/2 gallon of olive oil.
• Salt was also added which is something used in covenant ceremonies.
• “All the holy contributions that the people of Israel present to YHWH I give to you and to your sons and daughters with you as a perpetual due.  It is a covenant of salt forever before YHWH for you and your seed with you.”

  Numbers 18:19

• Salt is used to preserve and cure food unlike leaven which breaks down food.  Also

  frankincense burned with offering.

-  Only a small amount burned the rest given to the priest.

• Usually offered along with the who burnt offering, but offerer did not identify with the     

   offering so not used for atonement.  The purpose was to express devotion to a king.

1. Peace Offering (Shalom)

• Made at anytime as either a sign of thanksgiving or as a freewill offering.  The name derives from the same root as the word shalom.
• Offerer would select a male or female from the flock and slaughter and lay hands on the animal identifying his self with the animal.  They would slaughter the animal and the priest would collect the blood and sprinkle it on the altar.
• The animal would then be skinned.  The kidneys, fat, and liver would be removed. These would be burnt and were considered God’s portion.  These parts are considered delicacies.
• The breast and right thigh were given to the priest and the remainder was eaten by the offerer.  
• There is some evidence to suggest that this may have been one of the the only times an ancient Israelite ate meat.
• Eating a meal together had more significance in the Ancient Near East than in our culture.

Accompanying Offerings

• According to Numbers 15 every sacrifice was accompanied by a grain offering and a wine offering.
• About half gallon was used but the amount varied somewhat according to the animal sacrificed.

Atonement

The olah is said to be made for atonement.  Atonement is another word we use a lot in church, but I think its meaning is fuzzy to us.  It has become church and abstract.  What I want to do is make it more concrete.

When an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox shall be stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten, but the owner of the ox shall not be liable.  But if the ox has been accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has been warned but has not kept it in, and it kills a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned and its owner shall be put to death.  If a ransom is imposed on him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is imposed on him.  If it gores a man’s son or daughter, he shall be dealt with according to the same rule.  If the ox gores a slave, male or female, the owner shall give to their master thirty shekels of silver and the ox shall be stoned.”

Exodus 21:28-32

Use examples from the small group.  

The interesting part of this passage is that the word for ransom is kofer which is the same root as is used as atonement in Levitcus.  A ransom is the price paid to avoid the death penalty.  It is the price paid for someone’s life. In the words of Exodus it means redemption of life.  This is the meaning of atonement.

“For the life of the flesh is in the blood and I, I have given it for you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement by the life.”

Leviticus 17:11.

Leviticus says that it is God who provides a means of atonement.  God is the one who provides for the redemption of life.  He pays our ransom.  These sacrifices are repeated over and over as Hebrews points out.  Ultimately, they are inadequate. They point to something bigger and that is Christ.  Christ is also given to us by God to make atonement for life.  

Logic of the Sacrifices

• The sacrifices in Leviticus are presented in a logical order.  First the olah which represents atonement, then the minchah and next the shalom offering.
• As a result of atonement we can devote ourselves to God and have peace and fellowship with Him.
• Acts 2 describes the life of the early believers.  These were those who had accepted the atonement that Jesus had represented and offered for them. Pentecost had just happened.  

Q. What is the significance of Pentecost?

• Pentecost signified the return of God’s Holy Spirit

When the day of Pentecost arrived, they were all together in one place.  And suddenly there came from heaven a sound like a mighty rushing wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting.”

Acts 2:1&2

Q.  Where have we seen this before?

• In Exodus 40 when God’s Holy Spirit entered the tabernacle which is why there is a book of Leviticus.  

• Acts 2:42 describes the actions as a community of those who Christ had provided atonement.  

“And they devoted themselves to the apostles teaching and the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and the prayers.

You see the atonement of Christ led to devotion and fellowship expressed in the breaking of bread and prayers.  Its the same logic as Leviticus.

     Q.  Where do you see communion in this scheme                                                                                      Q.   In Ancient Israel, God is offered the bread and the priest at a portion, the wine is completely given to God.  Why do we now eat just the bread and wine at communion?

Week 26 Homework

Read Leviticus 1

The first seven chapters of Leviticus detail 5 different types of sacrifices. When reading chapter 1, don't get too bogged down in the details, all I want you to do is picture what is going on and get a flavor for what was involved with the sacrifices.

Week 26 Prayer Requests

1.  Aaron's Knee as well Alicia and Bruce who is covering Aaron's calls

2.  Conner Howell - Kidney surgery next week

3.  Samantha - recovery

4.  Kristen's Director of Pharmacy whose husband passed away

5.  Chris's Aunt who is diagnosed with breast cancer, lost her husband, and whose son is in the ICU because of seizures from alcohol withdraw

6.  Cade (Lundberg's nephew) undergoing a new treatment 

7.  Dave Howell has a pinched nerve and is in some pain

Week 26 Review

Q.  What task is Adam and Eve given in the garden?

  1.  Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth

  2.  Subdue and rule over the earth

  3.  Guard and keep the garden

Q.  Adam and Eve are created in the image of God, what does it mean to be created in the image of God?

   -  The word for image is tsalem which is the same word used for idols.  An ideal is a 

   representation of God.  

   - In the Ancient Near East the king was the image of God.  The phrase refers to man’s

   position of authority as God’s representative.  

  -  Ancient near east kings would also set up images of themselves to represent their   

  sovereignty and presence.  

The picture that emerges is that humanity would be fruitful and multiply filling the earth with more humanity that bear the image of God.  Humanity would expand the garden as they subdued and ruled over the earth.  Subdue and rule is a symbol of kingship or authority.  We often view these words as negative, however, a king is to rule with wisdom.  Our negative view is because sin has so distorted this mission that is frequently done incorrectly.  Humanity retains this authority but presently is only a parody and distortion of humanity’s task.    

The result is that God’s glory would fill the earth.   

Q.  Adam and Eve are told to work 6 days and then rest because God created the universe in 6 days and then rested.  In what way does humanities work imitate God’s?

-  God subdued chaos ruled over it and created and filled the earth with life.  Adam and Eve’s task is the same.  

Q.  What is the significance of rest?

-  Rest is not ceasing from activity.  It is a picture of the great king taking his seat on the throne and ruling creation after he has defeated his enemies.  

-  By holding out the pattern of work followed by rest and charging humanity with imitating that pattern, the promise is held out that if humanity completes its appointed task it can also enter into rest.  

-  There is a goal to creation.  

Take home message - God wants to fill the earth with His glory and He wants humanity to be the means of accomplishing this task.  

Adam is given delegated authority much like a king and a vassal.  The arrangement in the garden can be thought of as a covenant.   Adam is given stipulations as well as sanctions.  The sanctions are symbolized by the two trees.  Successful completion of the task results in eternal life symbolized by the tree of life as well as sharing in God’s sabbath rest.  Disobedience is symbolized by the tree of the knowledge of good and evil which results in death and exile.  

-  One of the tasks given was to rule over creation and to keep and guard the garden.  Keep and guard are words used of priests who were charged with keeping unclean things out of the tabernacle.  The meaning of the tree of the knowledge of good evil is murky, but knowledge of good and evil indicates wise judgment elsewhere in the O.T. By listening to the serpent and not condemning the serpent and exercising their God appointed authority to judge they fail at their task.

Q.  What was the result of Adam and Eve’s disobedience?

-  Exile and death.    

-  The job of guarding the garden is given to the cherubim with the flaming sword to prevent access to the tree of life.  The only way to access the tree of life is to pass through God’s judgment.  

Q.   God does not end His plan for filling the earth with His glory and doing so through man.  What does God do to ensure His plan continues until completion?

-  God allows the human race to continue and promises a seed who will defeat the serpent.  We are left wondering the identity of this seed and how this plan will play ou.  The word seed continues to recur throughout Genesis indicating that one of its themes is the development of this seed.  

-  Adam responds to this in faith by naming his wife Eve or life.  

-  Genesis 5 makes clear that the image of God is something that is still retained by humanity.  

Q.   After the fall until Abraham we have the story of Cain & Abel, Lamech, the story of the sons of God taking the daughters of man, the story of Noah, and the story of Babel.  Why does the Bible include these stories, what is the point?

-   Humans are still made in the image of God and the task is repeated.  

-   These stories demonstrate the effects of sin and also how God deals with sin.  A pattern recurs similar to the one in the garden, man sins, God executes His judgment, but also demonstrates a measure of grace.  

-  We also see the line of the seed being narrowed throughout Genesis.  Cain and his line are contrasted with Seth and his line who call on the name of YHWH.  Calling the name is better translated calling themselves after the name.  They identify themselves as people of YHWH.  The seed will further be narrowed down as a descendent of Shem who will one day incorporate the sons of Japeth.  

Q.  What is the significance of Abraham to this story?

-  The theme of filling the earth, subduing the earth, and filling the earth with God’s glory is given to Abraham.  It is through Abraham and his seed that all the nations will be blessed and God’s plan for humanity will come to completion.  

Q.  There is something different about the task given to Abraham than the one given to his predecessors, what is it?

-  The task is now given in the form of a promise along with the promise that God would be with Abraham.

-  This promise is given to Abraham and his descendants and is repeated throughout Genesis.

Q.  Abraham’s descendants become enslaved into Egypt and He frees them.  What is the reason for God’s freeing the Hebrews?

-  God frees the Hebrews because God had promised Abraham that He would.  This is necessary if the promises given to Abraham are to be fulfilled.

Q.  What parallels do we see between Adam and Eve in the garden and Israel?

-  In freeing the Hebrews from Pharaoh, we see the themes of Genesis repeated.  God defeats chaos and the nation of Israel is born as His new creation.  Israel is given a holy land and a task.  Their task is the same as Adam’s, to subdue and conquer the land, to be obedient to the commands of God, to be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth with God’s glory.  

-  God’s task for the world, begun in Adam, is to be fulfilled by Israel.  

-  We can say that Israel is a recapitulation of Adam and the garden.  They are both given a land where the presence of God dwells.  They are given a task to fulfill and commands to obey.  Both fail in their task and the result is exile from the presence of God.  

-  Israel’s story is Adam’s story.  This story will reach a dead end, but God is determined to fill the earth with His glory and to do so through humanity and through Israel as He promised Adam and Abraham that he would.  Eventually a son of Adam and a descendent of Israel representing the seed of the woman as well as the promised king of Israel will obey the law, complete the task, and defeat the serpent.  Kingship is going to be a theme we are going to develop as we look at Numbers and Deuteronomy.  The result will be that God will fill the earth with His presence.  

-  The three stories are built on top of each other and overlap. 

The exodus tells the story of the deliverance of Israel from enslavement to Egypt accomplished by the parting of the Red Sea where the Israelites find salvation and the Egyptians judgment.  Deliverance leads to the law and with the law comes God’s presence and the promise of the inheritance of God’s holy kingdom established for His people in Canaan.  Israel is a new creation of God.  Israel is called the son of God.  This son is given a task to fill the earth with God’s glory.  God tamed the forces of chaos and created His son Adam in His image.  Adam is given a task to fill the earth with God’s glory.  

Now let’s read Romans 6-8 to see how this understanding of God’s plan helps us understand Paul.

Romans 6:3-7 

Q.  Before we look for parallels, let’s try to figure out what Paul is saying.  What is Paul comparing baptism to?

-  Paul says that baptism is a parallel to the death and resurrection of Christ.  Christ passes through God’s judgment to emerge on the other side.  Notice also the image of slavery and freedom.  We see baptism functioning as the Red Sea freeing God’s people from enslavement to sin and death.  

-  Paul then goes on in the rest of Romans 6 explaining that though set free from sin and death, God’s people are slaves to righteousness which leads to sanctification and eternal life.  Just as the Israelites were freed from Egypt but now served God.

Chapter 7:1-6 What is Paul saying about our relationship with the law?

-  The actual point of enslavement was the law.  A woman whose husband dies is free to marry again.  We have died to the law and are now free.  However, we are free to serve the new way of the Spirit.  

Chapter 7:7-12 In this section Paul is defending the law while he acknowledges that he had been enslaved by the law.  What is the problem with the law then, why does it enslave if it is good?

-  It is not the law that is the problem but rather sin.  Sin uses the law to do its damage. 

Q.  How does the serpent attempt to thwart God’s plan for His creation?

-  The serpent corrupts Adam and Eve by the commandment that they not eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.  

Romans 8:9-11  In this section Paul talks about the spirit dwelling in His people.

Q.  Where have we seen the Spirit of God in our story?

-  The spirit inhabits the tabernacle, now it inhabits those in Christ.

Romans 8:16-17  

Q.  Receiving the spirit of God means that we are sons of God and what benefit do the sons of God receive?

-  The sons of God are heirs and the next section tells us that the inheritance is none other than all of creation.

Romans 8:19-21

Q.  What does the creation hope for?

-  The creation hopes for the revealing of the sons of God.  It too hopes to achieve freedom but under the rule of its rightful master - humanity.  

What Paul is trying to say here is that Christ has brought about a new Exodus.  One that is freedom not from Egypt but from sin itself, this freedom is accomplished through the death and resurrection of Christ pictured in baptism as a new Red Sea that vindicates His people and brings judgment.  This leads to freedom but freedom to serve God under a new law under the way of the Spirit.  This way of the spirit guides us to the inheritance just as the cloud  and the pillar of fire guided Israel through the wilderness.  God’s people are given the holy spirit just as the spirit of YHWH filled the tabernacle and now all of creation is given as our inheritance just as was the point of Adam and Eve.  

Small Group December

Due to time constraints of the Christmas holidays I think it best we cancel small group for December. Do not despair, we will pick up again on January 5th as we begin our study of Leviticus.

Now everyone will have two things to anticipate - Christmas and Leviticus.

Titus Victory Arch

Here are some pictures from Titus' victory arch commemorating the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. when the Temple was destroyed.  One of the panel's features Roman Soldier's carrying objects from the Temple.  You can clearly see the menorah.

No Small Group

There will be no small group on Sunday, December 1st so we can all sleep off those turkey comas.

Week 25 Prayer Requests

1.  Aaron's knee

2.  Beth's Sister-in-law Trish.  Will have to have chemotherapy before having surgery as planned.

3.  Samantha from KNO.  She will have to have occupational therapy and that may be in Raleigh.

4.  Brant's friend's Darin's mother is recovering from a stroke.  

Week 25 Tabernacle

Names of the Tabernacle

Exodus 25:9          mishkan - dwelling

Leviticus 17:4        mishkan YHWH - dwelling of the Lord

Exodus 38:21 mishkan haedot tabernacle of the testimony - tablets of covenant, emphasizes covenant relationship

Exodus 28:43 ohel moed, dwelling of meeting or assembly.  who is meeting?  God is meeting with his people.  

Exodus 29:42-43 God will meet with his people

Q. What do they have in common?

-  All focus on the presence of God among His people.   

Exodus 25:8 mishdot, sanctuary, holy place

Exodus 38:24   quodesh, holy place

Exodus 34:26 house of YHWH

Q.  What do these have in common?

-  All focus on holiness of God, man cannot come into the presence of a holy God.  

-  The separateness of God is highlighted.

-  There is a tension between these names.  There is nearness and distance.  On one hand their is condescension and on the other there is a separateness highlighted by the walls, fences, and curtains.  Only the priests can enter the sanctuary and only the high priest can enter the holy of holies and then only on the Day of Atonement.  

Q.  Why does this contradiction exist?

-  God’s holiness and man’s sin.

-  Yet God still condescends and creates a system that through sacrifices and a mediator, the people can come into the presence of God.

Q. According to Exodus 19:6, Israel was supposed to be a kingdom of priests.  Why were the Levites set aside as priests?

-  During the golden calf episode, all of the Israelites rebelled except the Levites. 

-  The point is to communicate that the relationship between God and man is broken and requires a mediator.  

Point of tabernacle is God’s presence 

Q.  Why do you think God chose a tent to dwell in during the wilderness wanderings?

-  God identifies with his people in their situation.

-  Anticipation of incarnation

Hebrews 8:5-6

 -  These verses tell us the tabernacle is a copy of heavenly reality.  Work of tabernacle ultimately fulfilled in Christ.  

Hebrews 10:19-20

New and living way verse in Hebrews

This is why we can now approach boldly unlike the way for the Israelites.  The Israelites could approach God but it was guarded and indirect.  Christ breaks the tension that existed in the tabernacle between God’s desire to dwell with His people and God’s holiness.  

Q.  How is Christ prefigured in tabernacle?  Christ says that He is the temple in what way is that true?

- Priest - Christ intercedes for us and allows us to approach God

- Atonement - Points to the cross and the sacrifice of Christ that atones once and for all

for sin

- Presence of God - Christ is the incarnation of God.  

-  This is how Christ can claim that He is the temple.  

4.  Symbolism

-  Altar and laver  - go together, signify sacrifice and cleansing.  represent atonement 

and washing from sin.  cleansing is based upon atonement.  baptism is based 

upon sacrifice of Christ.  in order to enter into the place of God’s presence 

because sin creates a barrier and there must be atonement.

-  Bread of the presence - literally the bread of the face of God.  bread represents a

meal and fellowship.  eating a meal together was a sign of close fellowship

and a relationship with each other.  

you can see the relationship with the Lord’s supper because after one 

has been atoned and cleansed through baptism, they enter into fellowship

with Christ.  

there were 12 loaves of bread symbolizes the 12 tribes of Israel.  all of God’s 

people were included.  there is probably some significance to the fact that

after Jesus fed the 5000 there were 12 baskets left over.  Jesus is providing

His people fellowship with God.  

-  Menorah - made of solid goal with flames burning.  maybe it had some connection

with the pillar of fire and glory cloud that accompanied Israel.  Represented 

God’s presence.  Revelation talks about the 7 candlesticks for the 7 churches

and calls them the spirit of God, so this is a representation of the Holy Spirit. 

-  Incense  - placed right before the veil separating the holy place from the holy of

holies.  receives the worship of his people, but because of the atonement

and fellowship, God receives the worship of His people.  Our worship becomes

a pleasant smelling aroma.  Noah’s sacrifice.  

-  Mercy Seat -  A better translation would be the “atonement cover” it was on top of the 

Ark and had two golden cherubim on top of it.  Romans 3:25, propitiation is the 

Greek word for atonement.  So in the Greek translation this would read 

propitiation cover.  In Genesis 3 the cherubim guarded the way to the tree of life.  

The tabernacle seems to make 3 points:

Presence 

Separation

Atonement

If we think the point of the tabernacle was for God to communicate something bigger to the Israelites using the symbolism of the tabernacle, then what was God trying to communicate?

Use N.T. Wright’s world view scheme.  We can construct a worldview of a culture by examining that culture’s  praxis and symbol  and determine how that culture would answer the basic questions of human existence:

    1. Who are we?  We are God’s people

    2. Where are we?  We are in God presence

3.  What is wrong? We are sinful and God is holy

4.  What is the solution? Atonement

We said the 3 big themes of the tabernacle were presence, separation, and atonement.  We can really say that presence is the main them with separation and the need for atonement a consequence of God’s presence.  

- The passage we read is about the glory of God entering into the tabernacle.  Its God’s presence that gives the tabernacle its significance.  

-  Later we see the same scene repeated at the dedication of Solomon’s temple.  

There was nothing in the ark except the two tablets of stone that Moses put there at Horeb, where YHWH made a covenant with the people of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt.  And when the priests came out of the Holy Place, a cloud filled the house of YHWH, so that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud, for the glory of YHWH filled the house of YHWH.

1 Kings 8:9-11

Q.  Does anyone have an answer to the wheels in Ezekiel 1

-  Ezekiel 9-11 pictures the glory of YHWH leaving the temple in various stages and finally departing at the Mount of Olives.  

-  However, even though the presence of YHWH leaves the temple and Jerusalem is about be utterly destroyed by the Babylonians, Ezekiel says something really interesting.

Therefore says, “Thus says YHWH God: Though I will remove them far off among the nations, and though I will scatter them among the countries, yet I will be a sanctuary to them for a while in the countries where they have gone.”

-  God’s presence has left the temple but not His people.  After this verse, Ezekiel writes about a new spirit and a new heart God will give His people.  

-  A new temple is built 66 years later, but here is the reaction to it:

But many of the priests and Levites and heads of fathers’ houses, old men who had seen the first house, wept with a loud voice when they saw the foundation of this house being laid, though many shout aloud for joy.

Ezra 3:12

Q.  Why did the people weep?

-  The glory of the Lord did not return.  We have no scene like we do in Exodus 40 or 1 Kings 8.  

-  Haggai, who was the prophet who instigates rebuilding of the temple, says this

Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory?  How do you see it now?  Is it not as nothing in your eyes?  …

According to the covenant the I made with you when you came out of Egypt.  My Spirit remains in your midst.  Fear not.  For thus says YHWH of hosts: Yet once more, in a little while, I will shake the heavens and the earth and the sea and the dry land.  And I will shake all the nations, so that the treasures of all nations will come in, and I will fill this house with glory says YHWH of hosts.”

Haggai 2:3-7

Zechariah and Malachi will also talk about the glory of YHWH returning to the temple.  

John 1:14 tell us that the glory of YHWH does return when the word became flesh and tabernacled among us and we have seen the glory, glory as of the only son of the Father.  

Luke has Jesus coming to the Mount Olives during the triumphal entry.  Jesus then goes to the temple and announces judgment  on it.  He prays in the garden at the base of the Mount of Olives and finally enters Jerusalem only to be arrested, tried and crucified.  Later it will be from the Mount of Olives where General Titus and the Roman Xth legion will set up camp and eventually destroy Jerusalem.  To this day Titus’ Arch commemorates this battle and you can clearly see a Roman soldier carrying the Menorah.

Jesus has replaced the Temple because He is the glory of YHWH and fulfills everything the tabernacle and temple were meant to represent - God’s presence.  Jesus through the atonement solves the problem of God’s desire to be with His people but the separateness as a result of their sin.   

Acts 2:2-4

Week 24 Homework

Remember we will not be meeting on November 17th.  Next week we will look at the tabernacle.

Read Exodus 40:34-38 in preparation.

Week 24 Prayer Requests

1.  Cade (Lundberg's nephew) is at Duke to try to determine if seizures can be controlled by brain surgery.  Pray especially for the family who is going to have a difficult time being back at Duke.

2.  Brant's friend Darren's mom who had a stroke.

3.  Samantha from KNO who is still at Duke with complications from her stent.

4.  Joan is traveling all next week and may have to encounter some bad weather in the mountains.

5.  Allison Blake is trying to decide if she should take some work in Richmond that could be potentially lucrative but it also 2.5 hours away from her family.  She desires wisdom to make the right decision.

6.  The Benfield's friend Jim Cropp is having open heart surgery today.

Week 24 The Mosaic Covenant

Exodus 24:1-8

Review of Covenants

-  Covenants are oaths divinely administered.  God or gods ultimately responsible for enforcement of covenant

-  Different types:

  1.  Suzerain-Vassal covenants - The vassal performs certain duties for the suzerain.  In   

   return the suzerain provides protection for the vassal.

  2.  Royal Grant covenant - The suzerain grants the vassal something as a gift.

Parts of a Covenant

   1.  Preamble - Identifies the suzerain

   2.  Historical Prologue - Gives a history of the relationship between the suzerain and vassal.  Establishes motivation for obedience.  

   3.  Stipulation - The requirements of the vassal

   4.  Sanctions  - The rewards and penalties of following or not following the stipulations.

   5.  Documentary Clause -  Directions for where covenant was placed.  

   6.  Ratification Oath - The vassal binds himself to keep all the stipulations.  Often

involved ritual sacrifice.

-  Law is not just a list of rules like a legal code, it is a covenant:

1.  Laws are given to a particular group of people

2.  Sanctions based on performance of stipulations

Q.  What does this mean for how me apply the covenant today?

-  Lets see how this fits in with other covenants we have studied.

Q.  The first covenant we studied was the covenant with Adam.  What were the terms of the Adamic covenant?

-  Adam would tend and keep the garden, be fruitful and multiply, and not eat of the forbidden fruit.  He and his descendants as God’s images, would develop the kingdom given to them by God, the earth.  Just as God had worked to create the universe, man would develop the earth and enter into Sabbath rest along with God enjoying His presence and access to the tree of life.  This covenant is a works covenant similar to the suzerain-vassal treaties.

-  This covenant man broke and so God could have thrown up his hands and given up but instead he establishes a remedial covenant.  It is promised first in Genesis 3:15 and sketched out more fully in the covenant made with Abraham.  So this is a covenant of redemption.  This is a promissory covenant and similar to the royal grant covenants.  

-  This covenant of redemption is established between the seed and His people.  It continues through the covenant with Abraham and through the New Covenant and Christ until the present age.

-  The covenant of redemption is based on the principle of grace.  All that is required is to put your faith in Christ if you are a New testament believer or in the seed or messiah to come if you are an Old Testament saint. 
-  Looking at salvation from a covenantal standpoint, we are submitting ourselves to Christ and trusting in Him to be the obedient vassal who will, as the second Adam, complete the task given to Adam and thus obtain the offered Sabbath rest and access to the tree of life.  

-  God’s kingdom does is in effect earned, it is earned through works, but it is Christ who completes the work.  We gain the benefit of Christ’s work by submitting ourselves to Him and putting our faith in Him as God’s vassal rather than standing before God ourselves as God’s vassals.  

-  This is the first step in understanding why God gives us the law and something like the Mosaic covenant.  We must understand that salvation can only be obtained by grace, however it is also earned through Christ’s work. 

Q. Is the Mosaic Covenant a Suzerain-Vassal Covenant of a Royal Grant Covenant?

-  It has always been controversial to assign a category to the Mosaic covenant.  It seems works based but there are aspects that point to Jesus like the sacrificial system.  Also because of the fall man’s sinfulness prevents him from having the ability to earn salvation.

Q.    Adam at least had the ability not to sin, why would God assign a covenant where the terms were impossible to keep?  

-  In response, some theologians assign it as another administration of the covenant of grace and make it a promissory covenant.  

Q.  What happens if you decided that the Mosaic Covenant is a Royal-Grant Covenant?

However, there are a lot of mental gymnastics to make the Mosaic covenant fit into this category and they do not seem to be very satisfying.  You also have to ignore a lot of what Paul says about the contrast between law and grace.

-  There is also the problem of the point of a promissory covenant.  The point of a promissory covenant is that the blessing is guaranteed.  However, what was the blessing of the Mosaic covenant?  The blessing of the Mosaic covenant was continued existence in the promised land.  What ultimately happened to the people under the Mosaic covenant?  Israel was exiled specifically because they did not follow the stipulations of the Mosaic covenant.  

Q.  If the Mosaic covenant is a promissory covenant, what does Israel’s exile mean?  

-  It means that those under the terms of the New Covenant can lose their promised blessing.  However, we know there is no condemnation for those under Christ.  

-  The O.T. also uses the image of divorce.  The prophets condemn the Israelites for their infidelity comparing Israel to a prostitute until God issues a bill of divorce.  The bill of divorce results in the exile.

-  However, the church as Christ’s bride, can never be divorced from Christ.  There is something fundamentally different between these two covenants.  To try to make them the same creates more problems than it solves.  

-  Leviticus 18:5, the principle of “do this and live” 

-  The blessings and the curses shouted at Mt. Gerazim and Mt. Ebal

-  It makes more sense to think of the Mosaic covenant as a suzerain-vassal covenant operating under a works principle. 

-  The key is who takes the oath.  Under the Mosaic covenant it is the people who take the oath.  Yet they are unable to keep the stipulations and so they cannot benefit from the blessings and instead are subject to the curses.  That is why Paul saws the law is a curse.

Republication

-  There are striking similarities between the Mosaic covenant and the covenant with Adam.  

-  Both Adam and the Israelites are given a land and a mission and rules.  The land of milk and honey looks back to the abundance of the garden in Eden.

-  Both Adam and the Israelites were promised blessing for obedience and curses for disobedience.  The penalty for disobedience was exile which represented separation from the presence of God and death.  

-  There is a difference though.  Adam’s disobedience led to actual death.  The penalties of the Mosaic covenant deal with continued existence in the land of Israel and not questions of eternal salvation and damnation.  

Leviticus 26:3-13

-  The Mosaic covenant is only a picture, it is a type and shadow of reality.  

-  For example Daniel suffers the penalty of exile.  He spends his whole life after he is taken away as a child in Babylon.  However, few would doubt that his eternal salvation is secured because of his faith in God.  

-  Daniel suffers the picture of death and exile but not the reality.   

-  At the same time, certain aspects of the Mosaic covenant still present grace in type and shadow that point toward Christ.

Q.  What are some examples of this?

1.  Priesthood

2.  Sacrificial System

-  These two things allow us to draw near to God.  Ultimately that is God’s purpose in the covenant - we would be His people and He would be our God.  

-  On one hand the Mosaic covenant looks back to the covenant with Adam, but also looks ahead to the New Covenant.

-  The Mosaic Covenant does not annul the covenant of grace that begins with the promise in Genesis 3:15 and comes to fullness in Abraham.  The Mosaic covenant is rather built on top like an overlay.  

1.  Jeremiah 31:31-33 - Shows contrast between Old Covenant and New Covenant.  Note that this passage specifically describes the old covenant as the one made when Israel was led out of Egypt.  Later when Jesus introduces the Lord’s Supper, He says that the wine is the blood of the New Covenant referring to this passage.

Q.  What is the basic difference between these two covenants? 

-  The new covenant cannot be broken

2.  Romans 10:4-10 - Moses taught both works and truth. Levitcus 18:5 and Deuteronomy 30.  Grace principle was not suspended during the time of the Mosaic covenant.  Paul is actually quoting from a section in Deuteronomy that introduces the New Covenant for the first time.

-  We see this in the ministry of the prophets.  The prophets spent a lot of time condemning Israel for their failure to live out the Mosaic Covenant.  However, these same prophets also proclaimed a new covenant, return from exile, restoration and renewal.

So if the Mosaic Covenant is doomed to failure and Christ and the New Covenant are ultimately superior, what is the point of the Mosaic Covenant?

1.  Communicates the righteousness and holiness that is needed to earn entrance into the kingdom of Heaven.  Heaven must be earned.  It comes at a cost.  The unrighteous do not have a right to the kingdom.  

2.  Law is a pedagog.  A pedagog is not a teacher or a didaskalos.  A pedagog was a slave who beat the child to get him to go to school and do his work.  It drives us to Christ by showing our inability to keep the law.  

3.  Gives us context so we can understand Christ’s work.  Galatians 4:4-5